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Congress of Ems
The Congress of Ems was a meeting set up by German and Austrian Catholic archbishops, and held in August 1786 in Bad Ems, near Koblenz. Its object was to protest against papal interference in the exercise of episcopal powers, and to fix the future relations between the participating bishops and the Pope. Representatives of the German Archbishops Friedrich Karl von Erthal of Mainz, Maximilian Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenceslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus von Colloredo of Salzburg all took part.
==Background==
The Gallican principles concerning the relation between the bishops and the pope, which had been disseminated in Germany by Johann Nicolaus von Hontheim, the Auxiliary Bishop of Trier (1748–1790), in his treatise ''De statu ecclesiae; et legitimâ potestate Rom. Pontificis'' (1763) under the pseudonym "Febronius",〔Thus in Roman circles called "Febronianism": (''Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1913, ''s.v.'' Febronianism" ).〕 were shared by some of the most influential archbishops of Germany. The archbishops became confirmed in the position which they took towards the pope by the encouragement and support of Emperor Joseph II, who arrogated to himself both temporal and spiritual jurisdiction. As early as 1769 the representatives of the Elector-Archbishops of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier, at a meeting held in Koblenz, had drawn up a list of thirty-one articles, most of which were directed against the Roman Curia.
The immediate occasion of the Congress of Ems was the erection of the Apostolic nunciature in Munich (27 February 1785) and the appointment of Count Zoglio, titular Archbishop of Athens, as nuncio (27 June), with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Karl Theodor, Elector of Bavaria, which then comprised Bavaria with the Rhine Palatinate and the former Duchies of Jülich and Berg. Pope Pius VI erected this nunciature on the request of Karl Theodor, who was loath to have parts of his territory under the spiritual jurisdiction of bishops who, being electors like himself, were rather his equals than his subordinates. He had previously suggested to the Elector-Archbishops of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier to appoint special vicars-general for their districts in his territory. Upon their refusal he requested Pius VI to erect separate dioceses for his territory, but in deference to the wishes of the three elector-archbishops, the pope also refused. Finally the Elector of Bavaria asked for the above-mentioned nunciature, and despite the protests of the archbishops his wish was granted.
Meanwhile Carlo Cardinal Bellisomi, the nuncio at Cologne, was transferred to Lisbon, and Bartolomeo Pacca, the titular Archbishop of Tamiathis, was appointed to succeed him at Cologne. Maximilian Franz, Archbishop of Cologne (a brother of Emperor Joseph II), refused to see him, and none of the three elector-archbishops honoured his credentials. Despite protests, both Pacca and Zoglio began to exercise their powers as nuncios.
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